Nixie tube - Wikipedia. The ten digits of a GN- 4 Nixie tube. A Nixie tube (English: NIK- see), or cold cathode display,[1] is an electronic device for displaying numerals or other information using glow discharge. The glass tube contains a wire- mesh anode and multiple cathodes, shaped like numerals or other symbols. Applying power to one cathode surrounds it with an orange glow discharge. The tube is filled with a gas at low pressure, usually mostly neon and often a little mercury or argon, in a Penning mixture.[2][3]Although it resembles a vacuum tube in appearance, its operation does not depend on thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode. It is therefore called a cold- cathode tube (a form of gas- filled tube), or a variant of neon lamp.

A Nixie tube (English: / ˈ n ɪ k. s iː / NIK-see), or cold cathode display, is an electronic device for displaying numerals or other information using glow discharge. Fooxy brings you a huge free pornstar tube section with tons of famous porn star movies and sex clips!

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Such tubes rarely exceed 4. C (1. 04 °F) even under the most severe of operating conditions in a room at ambient temperature.[4]Vacuum fluorescent displays from the same era use completely different technology—they have a heated cathode together with a control grid and shaped phosphor anodes; Nixies have no heater or control grid, typically a single anode (in the form of a wire mesh, not to be confused with a control grid), and shaped bare metal cathodes. History[edit]. Systron- Donner frequency counter from 1. Nixie- tube display. The early Nixie displays were made by a small vacuum tube manufacturer called Haydu Brothers Laboratories, and introduced in 1. Burroughs Corporation, who purchased Haydu.

The name Nixie was derived by Burroughs from "NIX I", an abbreviation of "Numeric Indicator e. Xperimental No. 1",[6] although this may have been a backronym designed to justify the evocation of the mythical creature with this name. Hundreds of variations of this design were manufactured by many firms, from the 1. The Burroughs Corporation introduced "Nixie" and owned the name Nixie as a trademark. Nixie- like displays made by other firms had trademarked names including Digitron, Inditron and Numicator. A proper generic term is cold cathode neon readout tube, though the phrase Nixie tube quickly entered the vernacular as a generic name. Burroughs even had another Haydu tube that could operate as a digital counter and directly drive a Nixie tube for display.

This was called a "Trochotron", in later form known as the "Beam- X Switch" counter tube; another name was "magnetron beam- switching tube", referring to their similarity to a cavity magnetron. Trochotrons were used in the UNIVAC 1. The first trochotrons were surrounded by a hollow cylindrical magnet, with poles at the ends. The field inside the magnet had essentially- parallel lines of force, parallel to the axis of the tube. It was a thermionic vacuum tube; inside were a central cathode, ten anodes, and ten "spade" electrodes. The magnetic field and voltages applied to the electrodes made the electrons form a thick sheet (as in a cavity magnetron) that went to only one anode. Applying a pulse with specified width and voltages to the spades made the sheet advance to the next anode, where it stayed until the next advance pulse.

Count direction was not reversible. A later form of trochotron called a Beam- X Switch replaced the large, heavy external cylindrical magnet with ten small internal metal- alloy rod magnets which also served as electrodes. This ИН- 1. 9А Nixie tube displays symbols, including % and °CGlow- transfer counting tubes, similar in essential function to the trochotrons, had a glow discharge on one of a number of main cathodes, visible through the top of the glass envelope.

Most used a neon- based gas mixture and counted in base- 1. Sets of "guide" cathodes (usually two sets, but some types had one or three) between the indicating cathodes moved the glow in steps to the next main cathode. Types with two or three sets of guide cathodes could count in either direction.

A well- known trade name for glow- transfer counter tubes in the United Kingdom was Dekatron. Types with connections to each individual indicating cathode, which enabled presetting the tube's state to any value (in contrast to simpler types which could only be directly reset to zero or a small subset of their total number of states), were trade named Selectron tubes. Devices that functioned in the same way as Nixie tubes were patented in the 1. National Union Co. Inditron. However, their construction was cruder, their average lifetime was shorter, and they failed to find many applications due to their complex periphery. The most common form of Nixie tube has ten cathodes in the shapes of the numerals 0 to 9 (and occasionally a decimal point or two), but there are also types that show various letters, signs and symbols.

Because the numbers and other characters are arranged one behind another, each character appears at a different depth, giving Nixie based displays a distinct appearance. A related device is the pixie tube, which uses a stencil mask with numeral- shaped holes instead of shaped cathodes.

Some Russian Nixies, e. IN- 1. 4, used an upside- down digit 2 as the digit 5, presumably to save manufacturing costs as there is no obvious technical or aesthetic reason. Each cathode can be made to glow in the characteristic neon red- orange color by applying about 1. DC at a few milliamperes between a cathode and the anode. The current limiting is normally implemented as an anode resistor of a few tens of thousands of ohms.

Nixies exhibit negative resistance and will maintain their glow at typically 2. V to 3. 0 V below the strike voltage. Some color variation can be observed between types, caused by differences in the gas mixtures used. Longer- life tubes that were manufactured later in the Nixie timeline have mercury added to reduce sputtering[4] resulting in a blue or purple tinge to the emitted light. In some cases, these colors are filtered out by a red or orange filter coating on the glass. Devious Maids Season 1 Episode 1 Megavideo. One advantage of the Nixie tube is that its cathodes are typographically designed, shaped for legibility.

In most types, they are not placed in numerical sequence from back to front, but arranged so that cathodes in front obscure the lit cathode minimally. One such arrangement is 6 7 5 8 4 3 9 2 0 1 from front (6) to back (1).[7][8] Russian NH- 1.

A & NH- 1. 2B tubes use the number arrangement 1 6 2 7 5 0 4 9 8 3 from back to front, with the 5 being an upside down 2. The 1. 2B tubes feature a bottom far left decimal point between the numbers 8 and 3. Applications and lifetime[edit].

FAQ Free Range Kids. This video by the CBC (Canada’s equivalent of PBS) explains a lot about Free- Range Kids! What is “Free- Range Kids”?

Free- Range Kids is a commonsense approach to parenting in these overprotective times. You have been dubbed “America’s Worst Mom” by the media. How did you earn this title? In 2. 00. 8, I let my then- 9- year- old ride the subway by himself. He’d been asking us — my husband and me — to please take him someplace and let him find his way home by himself. So my husband and I discussed this. Our boy knows how to read a map, he speaks the language and we’re New Yorkers.

We’re on the subway all the time. That’s how it came to be that one sunny Sunday, after lunch at Mc. Donald’s, I took him to Bloomingdales — and left him in the handbag department. I didn’t leave him unprepared, of course! I gave him a map, a Metro. Card, quarters for the phone and $2. Bloomingdale’s sits on top of a subway station on our local line, and it’s always crowded with shoppers.

I believed he’d be safe. I believed he could figure out his way. Doctor Who Season 7 Episode 4 Online Free on this page. And if he needed to ask someone for directions — which it turns out he did — I even believed the person would not think, “Gee, I was about to go home with my nice, new Bloomingdale’s shirt. But now I think I’ll abduct this adorable child instead.”Long story short: He got home about 4. I wrote a little column about his adventure and two days later I was on the Today Show, NPR, MSNBC and Fox News defending myself as NOT “America’s Worst Mom.”The notion was that I had deliberately put my son in harm’s way (possibly to “prove” something) and I was just incredibly lucky that he made it home. One NPR caller asked why I had given my son “one day of fun” even though he would probably end up dead by nightfall.

I launched my blog that weekend (www. I believe in safety. I LOVE safety — helmets, car seats, safety belts. I believe in teaching children how to cross the street and even wave their arms to be noticed. I’m a safety geek! But I also believe our kids do not need a security detail every time they leave the house.

Our kids are safer than we think, and more competent, too. They deserve a chance to stretch and grow and do what we did — stay out till the street lights come on. Return to top. Were you a Free Range kid?

How can you tell if a kid IS “Free- Range”? A Free- Range Kid is a kid who gets treated as a smart, young, capable individual, not an invalid who needs constant attention and help. For instance, in the suburbs, many school PTAs have figured out a new way to raise money (God bless ’em): They auction off the prime drop- off spot right in front of the school — the shortest distance between car and door.

But at the mall, or movie theater or dentist’s office, that would be considered the handicapped parking spot — the one you need if you are really disabled. So somehow, in our understandable desire to do the very best for our kids, we have started treating them as if they’re handicapped! As if they couldn’t possibly walk a couple of blocks, or make their own lunch or climb a tree without hurting themselves, or struggling too much. Free- Range Kids are sort of old- fashioned. They’re kids who are expected to WANT to grow up and do things on their own.

And then, when they show us they’re ready, we allow ’em to. I was a Free- Range Kid because we all were back when I was growing up, before cable TV started showing abductions 2. And it’s not just cable TV to blame: It’s most of the media we parents encounter. I read a four- page article in a parenting magazine the other day on “How to Have a Fun and Totally Safe Day in the Sun” — as if it is so hard to have a safe day outside with your kid that you need four pages of instructions!

We are bombarded by warnings that make us feel our kids need constant supervision and help or they will die. That’s true if your child is gravely ill, but otherwise it is not true — as the presence of all us former Free- Range Kids proves. Return to top. What prompted you to found the Free Range Kids movement? I think it was the cameramen and make- up ladies at The Today Show.

While everyone was bustling around preparing me and my son Izzy for our interview, they asked what we were there to talk about. I said, “I let him ride the subway.””I did that at his age!” said a couple of the cameramen. It was fun!” The make- up ladies remembered walking to school. Everyone started reminiscing about their childhoods — the freedom, the joy, the simple fun of walking down the block to knock on a friend’s door to come out and play. And then they’d shake their heads and say, “But I would never let my kids do that today.”Why not?“Times have changed.”They’re right of course — nothing stays the same.

Throughout the ’7. It went up and up until it peaked around 1. The strange thing, though, is that since then, it’s been going back down. Dramatically. Today we are back to the crime level of 1. Dept. of Justice statistics.

So — unbelievable as it seems — if you were playing outside as a kid in the ’7. SAFER outside than you were! It doesn’t feel that way (at ALL), because when our parents were raising us, there was no CSI. Law & Order was something you believed in, not something on the air 8 nights a week, made to look depressingly real. The other day I got a letter from a guy in an old Brooklyn neighborhood where they shoot a lot of Law & Order scenes. On TV, it’s always the backdrop for a rape or murder. In real life, he said, it’s a safe, quiet safe neighborhood — and therein lies the tale: There’s a big disconnect between the horrors on TV and the reality we live in — the safest time for children (in America, that is) in the history of this disease- plagued, famine- prone, war- wracked world.

I founded the Free- Range Kids movement in part to be one small voice saying, “Hey! I know we are all scared for our kids!

But maybe we don’t have to be quite so terrified!” It’s an attempt to figure out how we got so much more worried for our kids in just one generation, and to separate the real dangers from the ones foisted upon us by the media, and by other folks with things to sell (like baby safety product manufacturers who have to scare us about a remote danger like “traumatic head injury from toddling” before we’ll buy their products, like the “Thud. Guard” — a helmet for kids to wear all day when they’re learning to walk). Return to top. What is a helicopter parent?