Presentation of Search Results (Ch 5) Search User Interfaces Marti Hearst. From the book Search User Interfaces, published by Cambridge University Press. Copyright © 2. 00. Marti A. Hearst. This chapter describes interfaces for the search results presentation portion of the information seeking process, focusing for the most part on ideas that are currently in use. Document Surrogates. The most common way that search results are displayed is as a vertical list of information summarizing the retrieved documents. These search results listings are often known as “search engine results pages,” or SERPs, in industry.) Typically, an item in the results list consists of the document's title and a set of important metadata, such as date, author, source (URL), and length of the article, along with a brief summary of a relevant portion of the document (see Figure 5.

The representation for a document within a results listing is often called a search hit. This collection of information is sometimes referred to as the document surrogate. Journal of Human- Computer Interaction, 2. Marchionini and White, 2.

Full text content of the book Search User Interfaces, written by Marti Hearst and published by Cambridge University Press, 2009. Chapter 5: Presentation of Search Results.

Figure 5. 1: Results shown for the ambiguous query labs at google. This results listing shows sitelinks - - a list of links to important pages within the site - - beneath Google Labs, an indented link showing an additional hit at the Adobe Labs site, and horizontal rule lines to separate hits for different senses of the query labs, which is an ambiguous term. The quality of the document surrogate has a strong effect on the ability of the searcher to judge the relevance of the document. Even the most relevant document is unlikely to be selected if the title is uninformative or misleading.

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Some Web search algorithms try to capture the quality of the title description as part of the ranking score.) The descriptiveness of the summary is also very important and is discussed in detail below. To determine which of the many aspects of a document surrogate lead to the best usability for Web search engine results, Proceedings of the 3. Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on. Research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR'0. ACM Press New York, NY, USA, 2. Clarke et al., 2.

URL) were associated with receiving significantly more clicks in a query log. They used the evaluation trick of clickthrough inversion, in which the features of the clicked- on surrogate are compared to those of the surrogate directly above it in the search results listings. Watch Monochrome Streaming. The motivation is that because users are known to be biased towards clicking documents higher up in the rankings (Proceedings of the 2. Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on. Research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR'0. Joachims et al., 2. Evaluating on 1. 0,0.

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A appears above B, but B receives more clicks, Proceedings of the 3. Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on. Research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR'0. ACM Press New York, NY, USA, 2.

Clarke et al., 2. Summary is present in hit B but is missing in A.

Summary is long in hit B (> 1. A. Title of hit B contains more query term matches than A's title. Title of hit B starts with a phrase contained in the query, but A's title does not.

Title, summary, and URL together for hit B contain the query as a phrase match, but do not for A. Summary for hit B contains one match for every query term; for hit A there are more matches for some terms but some are missing. Watch The Joneses Online Forbes. URL for B is of the form www.

A. URL for B is shorter, in terms of slashes, than A's. URL for B is shorter, in characters, than A's. Summary B, but not A, passes a simple readability test. Proceedings of the 3. Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on. Research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR'0. ACM Press New York, NY, USA, 2.

Clarke et al., 2. Where possible, all the query terms should appear in the surrogate, reflecting their relationship to the corresponding Web page.

When the query terms are present in the title for the hit, they need not appear in the summary. Length and complexity of URLs should be reduced, and URLs should be selected and displayed in a manner that emphasizes their relationship to the query. They also found effects for the appearance of particular words. Among others, official, and, tourism, attractions, sexy, and information had positive influence on clickthrough, whereas encyclopedia, wikipedia, and free had negative influence. KWIC, or Query- Oriented Summaries. As mentioned above, most search results listings today show an extract from a retrieved document that summarizes its contents. This extract is referred to with several different names, including summary, snippet, and abstract.

An important property of modern Web search surrogates is the display of a summary that takes the searcher's query terms into account. This is referred to as keyword- in- context (KWIC) extractions for use in display of retrieval results. Watch Whitney: Can I Be Me Online Fandango more. In KWIC views (also referred to as query- biased, query- dependent, query- oriented or user- directed summaries (Proceedings of the 2. Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on. Research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR'9. Tombros and Sanderson, 1.

Early versions of this idea were developed in the Snippet Search tool by Pedersen et al. Proceedings of the 1. Joint Statistical Meetings, 1. Pedersen et al., 1.

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing. Systems (CHI'9. 4), pages 1. Rao et al., 1. 99.

Super. Book tool (Hypertext: A. Psychological Perspective, pages 7. Ellis Horwood, 1. Landauer et al., 1. Figure 8. 4 in Chapter 8). A KWIC, or query- oriented extract, is different than a standard abstract, whose goal is to summarize the main topics of the document but might not contain references to the terms within the query.

A query- oriented extract shows sentences that summarize the ways the query terms are used within the document. In addition to showing which subsets of query terms occur in a retrieved documents, this display also exposes the context in which the query terms appear with respect to one another. Figure 5. 2: The role of keywords in context for showing relevance of retrieved documents at google. Research on document summarization indicates that the most generally applicable heuristic for making a good short summary is to show the first few sentences of a document (Proceedings of the 1.

Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on. Research and development in information retrieval (SIGIR'9.

Seattle, WA, 1. 99. Kupiec et al., 1. By contrast, research suggests that query- biased summaries are superior to showing the first few sentences in retrieval results. Proceedings of the 2.

Tombros and Sanderson, 1. TREC ad hoc data, found higher precision and recall and higher subjective preferences for query- biased summaries over summaries showing the first few sentences of retrieval results. Those using query- biased summaries also invoked significantly fewer views of the full text articles, effectively avoiding many of the non- relevant documents. Similar results for timing and subjective measurements were found by Information Processing and Management, 3. White et al., 2. 00. With a query- biased summary, in many cases, an information need can be satisfied by viewing the document surrogate alone.

For example, for a search on how to prevent cheese from molding on Google, some of the query extracts contain answer suggestions alongside the query terms themselves, while others are cut off and require a visit to the full page (see Figure 5. Although KWIC and query term highlighting has been thought to be an effective technique for decades (Keyword- in- context Index for Technical Literature (KWIC Index). International Business Machines Corp., Advanced Systems Development Division. Luhn, 1. 95. 9), the prevalence of query- biased summaries is relatively recent. Modern Information Retrieval, pages 2.

Addison Wesley. 1. Hearst, 1. 99. 9b wrote.